What is a hazard? 

A hazard is anything which has the ability to cause injury or death. In the context of laser safety, an example of a hazard is a class 4 laser beam.

What is a risk? 

A risk is the potential for a hazard to cause harm and the severity of harm that could be caused. Risk extends not just to workers but to visitors, volunteers and members of the public (Standards Australia, 2022). If we think about the example identified above, the Class 4 laser beam is the hazard, whilst burns and vision loss are potential risks. 

What is a control? 

A control measure is anything put in place to eliminate a risk, or to reduce it where elimination isn't possible. Not all controls are equally effective, and they are conventionally ranked from most to least effective.

Eliminating the hazard is the most effective option: removing a laser that isn't needed, or achieving the same result with a lower-class device. Where the laser is required, engineering controls physically prevent exposure, including enclosing the beam, interlocks, beam stops and defined controlled areas. Administrative controls come next, covering standard operating procedures, signage, access restrictions and training. Laser protective eyewear sits last. It is essential, but it protects one person, only against the wavelengths it was selected for, and only when it is worn, in good condition, and correct for the laser in use

Fundamentals of risk management

Risk management is primarily up to the PCBU however workers also play an important role in this process to protect the physical and mental wellbeing of visitors, volunteers, workers and the public.  The PCBU has a responsibility to ensure a workplace is safe (Safe Work Australia, 2025). This includes following a risk management process. They have an obligation to identify all foreseeable hazards that could arise in installation, operation, maintenance, service and failure of laser systems. The PCBU has a duty of care to act promptly on any of these risks associated with hazards and either remove the risk or lower the risk so far as is reasonably practicable (Safe Work Australia, 2025). The effectiveness of the controls implemented to reduce risk should also be reviewed regularly and findings should be documented. When a PCBU is unable to effectively implement a risk management plan they should seek advice from a 'competent person' which may be an external laser safety adviser (Standards Australia, 2022). Under the Model Work Health and Safety Act (2011), which most state and territory legislation is based on, workers must follow policy and procedures designed to keep them and others safe. Workers must take reasonable steps to look after their own health in addition to the health of others. This includes measures such as following standard operating procedures and wearing appropriate PPE.  Workers take reasonable care and contribute to risk management by reporting any hazards they identify immediately to a supervisor.  This may include hazards relating to lasers however extends to other workplace hazards. 

References

Standards Australia (2022). Safety of laser products, Part 14: A user’s guide, Standards Australia.

Safe Work Australia (2025). Model WHS Regulations